INCLUSION CRITERIA
An entry belongs in this subdivision if and only if it integrates probability, uncertainty, or causation into a logical framework, attaching chances or degrees of belief to formulas or formalizing causal and counterfactual inference.
Required: At least one of the following:
- A logic assigning probabilities or a probability semantics to formulas
- A combination of logic with a probabilistic model (Bayesian, Markov logic, graphical model, probabilistic program)
- A formal calculus of uncertainty or causation (imprecise probability, Dempster-Shafer, interventionist causation)
Not sufficient: Truth degrees that are not probabilities (Algebraic/Many-Valued). The epistemic modality without probability (Modal/Epistemic). A game-theoretic decision framework (Game).
Boundary: Fuzzy and many-valued logics, whose degrees are truth values rather than probabilities, belong in Algebraic/Many-Valued. Qualitative epistemic reasoning is cross-listed with Modal/Epistemic. Probabilistic argumentation is cross-listed with Knowledge.