# Navya-Nyāya (New Nyāya)

**Origin.** Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya, Tattvacintāmaṇi (14th c.). Rigorous technical language. Property theory. Formal semantics. Developed by Raghunātha, Jagadīśa, Gadādhara. Foundation of late Indian logic.

**Models.** Highly regimented property-talk. Limitors (avacchedaka) and limitands. Relational abstracts. Absence types. Technical language approaching formal notation.

**Formalism.**

*Avacchedaka (limitor):*
Property that delimits another.
"Fire-ness as limitor of the locus" = the fire.
Specifies under what description.

*Nirūpaka (describer):*
Relatum that specifies a relation.
Contact described by pot-ness.
Correlate specification.

*Occurrence (vṛtti):*
Mode of presence.
Contact (saṃyoga), inherence (samavāya), etc.
How property resides in locus.

*Absence (abhāva):*
pratiyogin: absentee (what's absent)
anuyogin: locus (where absent)
Four types: prior, destruction, absolute, mutual

*Relational abstract (technically):*
ghaṭa-niṣṭha-saṃyoga-sambandha-avacchinna-bhūtala-vṛtti-ghaṭatva
"Pot-ness occurring in ground as delimited by contact-relation residing in pot"

*Pervasion refined:*
vyāpti = pratiyogi-sādhyāvacchedaka-sambandha-avacchinna-sādhya-vān-na-bhavati yatra hetu-vān na bhavati
"Wherever the hetu is, the sādhya is, under the relevant limiters"

*Definitions:*
Genus (jāti): sva-anyonyābhāva-pratiyogi-vṛtti-dharma
"Property occurring in the counterpositive of mutual absence from itself"

*Sentence meaning:*
śābdabodha: verbal cognition structure.
Qualifier-qualificand-relation analysis.
Compositional semantics.

**Symbols.**

| Term | Sanskrit | Meaning |
|------|----------|---------|
| avacchedaka | अवच्छेदक | Limitor |
| nirūpaka | निरूपक | Describer |
| vṛtti | वृत्ति | Occurrence |
| abhāva | अभाव | Absence |
| pratiyogin | प्रतियोगिन् | Counterpositive |

**Metatheory.** Definitional precision. Type-theoretic aspects. Absence as positive category. Relation-place specification. Approaches formal language.

**Applies to.** Indian philosophy. Formal semantics. Property theory. Type theory comparisons. Definition methodology.

**Limitations.** Extreme technicality. Narrow scholarly tradition. Translation difficulties. Limited contemporary engagement.

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