Navya-Nyāya (New Nyāya)

Origin. Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya, Tattvacintāmaṇi (14th c.). Rigorous technical language. Property theory. Formal semantics. Developed by Raghunātha, Jagadīśa, Gadādhara. Foundation of late Indian logic.

Models. Highly regimented property-talk. Limitors (avacchedaka) and limitands. Relational abstracts. Absence types. Technical language approaching formal notation.

Formalism.

Avacchedaka (limitor): Property that delimits another. "Fire-ness as limitor of the locus" = the fire. Specifies under what description.

Nirūpaka (describer): Relatum that specifies a relation. Contact described by pot-ness. Correlate specification.

Occurrence (vṛtti): Mode of presence. Contact (saṃyoga), inherence (samavāya), etc. How property resides in locus.

Absence (abhāva): pratiyogin: absentee (what's absent) anuyogin: locus (where absent) Four types: prior, destruction, absolute, mutual

Relational abstract (technically): ghaṭa-niṣṭha-saṃyoga-sambandha-avacchinna-bhūtala-vṛtti-ghaṭatva "Pot-ness occurring in ground as delimited by contact-relation residing in pot"

Pervasion refined: vyāpti = pratiyogi-sādhyāvacchedaka-sambandha-avacchinna-sādhya-vān-na-bhavati yatra hetu-vān na bhavati "Wherever the hetu is, the sādhya is, under the relevant limiters"

Definitions: Genus (jāti): sva-anyonyābhāva-pratiyogi-vṛtti-dharma "Property occurring in the counterpositive of mutual absence from itself"

Sentence meaning: śābdabodha: verbal cognition structure. Qualifier-qualificand-relation analysis. Compositional semantics.

Symbols.

Metatheory. Definitional precision. Type-theoretic aspects. Absence as positive category. Relation-place specification. Approaches formal language.

Applies to. Indian philosophy. Formal semantics. Property theory. Type theory comparisons. Definition methodology.

Limitations. Extreme technicality. Narrow scholarly tradition. Translation difficulties. Limited contemporary engagement.

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