Anekantavada⤓ .md 2026-07-13T062546.818 000000000000688 **Origin.** Jain philosophy, systematized by Kundakunda (c. 2nd century CE) and Samantabhadra (c. 6th century CE). The method of "non-one-sidedness" — reality has multiple aspects that cannot be captured by any single statement.
Catuskoti⤓ .md 2026-07-13T062546.818 000000000000664 **Origin.** Buddhist logic, present in early sutras, formalized by Nagarjuna (c. 2nd century CE) in the Madhyamaka school. The "four corners" or tetralemma — a method for examining propositions beyond binary true/false.
Five-Membered Inference⤓ .md 2026-07-13T062546.818 000000000000776 **Origin.** Nyaya school, systematized in Gautama's Nyaya Sutras (c. 2nd century CE), elaborated by Vatsyayana and later commentators. The standard form of valid inference in classical Indian logic.
Hetvabhasa⤓ .md 2026-07-13T062546.818 000000000000672 **Origin.** Nyaya school, systematized in commentaries on the Nyaya Sutras. Hetvabhasa means "fallacious reasons" — a taxonomy of ways inference can fail.