• Anekantavada ⤓ .md 2026-07-13T092753.000 000000000015632
  Jain philosophy, systematized by Kundakunda (c. 2nd century CE) and Samantabhadra (c. 6th century CE). The method of "non-one-sidedness" — reality has multiple aspects that cannot be captured by any single statement.
• Catuskoti ⤓ .md 2026-07-13T092753.000 000000000015080
  Buddhist logic, present in early sutras, formalized by Nagarjuna (c. 2nd century CE) in the Madhyamaka school. The "four corners" or tetralemma — a method for examining propositions beyond binary true/false.
• Five-Membered Inference ⤓ .md 2026-07-13T092753.000 000000000013432
  Nyaya school, systematized in Gautama's Nyaya Sutras (c. 2nd century CE), elaborated by Vatsyayana and later commentators. The standard form of valid inference in classical Indian logic.
• Hetvabhasa ⤓ .md 2026-07-13T092753.000 000000000015312
  Nyaya school, systematized in commentaries on the Nyaya Sutras. Hetvabhasa means "fallacious reasons" — a taxonomy of ways inference can fail.