CRITERIA⤓ .txt 2026-07-17T120407.600 000000000000640 Time: c. 1850 to 1917. The bound is the state's at the closing end and the founding of the Petersburg mathematical school at the opening one. The tradition's distinguishing constraint is the opposite of its successor's: Imperial science was integrated with Western Europe rather than isolated from it, published in French and German as readily as Russian, corresponded with Göttingen and Paris, and answered to an academy rather than to a plan. A method developed under those conditions is Imperial even where the Soviet period is what made it famous.